 109  In negative statements need followed by a perfect infinitive point to that the action expressed by the infinitive was performed but w'as not necessary. It implies a waste of time or effort, and is therefore translated by зря. незачем, не к чему было. You needn't have spent all the money. Now we’ve got nothing left. — Зря ты потратил все деньги, не к чему было тратить. We needn V have waited for her because she never came at all. — Нечего было ее ждать. Она все равно не пришла. Note: The difference between the two forms of need is as follows: the regular verb indicates that the action was not done because it was unnecessary, whereas the defective verb shows that the action, although unnecessary, was carried out. Compare the following examples: Didn’t need to do smth= It wasn’t necessary , so probably not done. We didn’t need to say anything at all which was a great comfort. She didn't need to open the drawer because it was already opened and these: Needn’t have done smth. = It was not necessary, but done nonetheless. You needn ’/ have said anything. Then he would never have known about it She needn 7 have opened the drawer. She found it empty when she did... Ought to The modal verb ought has only one form. It is not changed in reported speech. Ought combines with the to — infinitive. When followed by the indefinite or continuous infinitive it indicates reference to the present or future. In indirect speech it may also refer to the action in the past. 109 |
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